Which factor is most likely to favor evolutionarily stable mutualisms?

An evolutionarily stable mutualism is one where interactions between species benefit both parties and are able to persist over time. The factor that most favors such mutualisms is genetic self-interest linked to the partner's fitness. This means that the individuals in a mutualistic relationship receive direct benefits that improve their own survival and reproductive success when they help their partners.

When the fitness of one partner is closely related to the success of the other, it creates a strong incentive for cooperation. For example, in the case of pollinators and flowering plants, the plant provides nectar as a reward, which increases the pollinator's fitness. In return, the pollinator helps facilitate the plant's reproduction by transferring pollen. This interdependence sustains the mutualism because the success of each party is linked to the other, promoting stable interactions.

Additionally, this genetic self-interest helps reduce conflict, as cooperating leads to better outcomes for both parties involved in the mutualism. This dynamic makes it less likely that one species will evolve to exploit the other without giving anything in return, thus supporting the long-term stability of the mutualistic relationship.

Options that suggest high rates of migration, different reproductive strategies, or isolation do not inherently foster the same level of interdependence and