What characterizes convergent evolution?

Convergent evolution is characterized by the independent evolution of similar traits in different species as a result of having adapted to similar environments or ecological niches. This phenomenon occurs because species that are not closely related can develop analogous structures or traits that serve similar functions, despite differing evolutionary histories. An example of this is the wings of bats and birds; both have evolved for flight, but their common ancestor did not have wings. This adaptation happens in response to comparable selective pressures, such as the need to fly for mobility or to find food.

The other options focus on aspects that are not central to convergent evolution. Common ancestry relates to divergent evolution, where species share a common ancestor but evolve different traits. Increased genetic diversity is often associated with adaptation in varying environments, but it does not specifically pertain to the independent evolution aspect characterizing convergent evolution. Finally, evolution in geographically isolated populations describes allopatric speciation rather than the independent adaptation of traits across distinct species in similar environments. Thus, the independent evolution of similar traits due to similar environments distinctly captures the essence of convergent evolution.